【单选题】Why Have Formal Documents Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the ( ) protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones. Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the (72) direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely (73) this load. Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them (74) he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed. The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents (75) much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..
A、inconsistencies
B、consistencies
C、steadiness
D、adaptability
答案：A
解析：为什么要有正式的文档 首先，将决策写下来是关键的。只有写出后差距才能出现，矛盾才能突出。写的过程是需求成百上千的小决策的过程，这些的存在将清楚的、准确的政策从模糊的政策中区分出来。 其次，文档将会与其它人交流决策。管理者将会不断感到惊奇的是他采取的一般知识的政策团队有些成员竟全然不知。既然他的基本工作是使每个人在一个方向上前进，他的主要工作就是交流，而不是决策制定，他的文档能很好的减轻这个负担。 最后，管理者的文档给他提供了一个数据库和检验表。通过定期回顾他能知道自己所处的位置，并看到为需要对重点改变什么或方向作什么变动。
【单选题】At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as( ). Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, programming tools, even communication services and collaboration( ). Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google, Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure. An architecture emerged: massively scaled,( )distributed system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources. In this architecture, the data is mostly resident on( )"somewhere on the Internet" and the application runs on both the "cloud servers" and the user"s browser. Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently. Both are built to with stand failures of(请作答此空)elements or nodes. Both are charged on a per-use basis. But while grids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous. What"s more, clouds expand the types of resources available——file storage, databases, and Web services——and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applications.
A、entire
B、individual
C、general
D、separate
答案：B
解析：云计算主要是将资源看作云服务，包括应用程序、计算能力、存储容量、网络、编程工具，以及通信和协作工具。云计算最初由一些大的Internet服务提供商构建的基础设施而起步，其架构呈现出大规模、水平分布式系统资源、抽象的盯服务、管理持续配置、资源池等特性，数据大多存储于Internet上的某个地方的服务器上，应用程序运行于云服务器和用户浏览器中。 云和网格都针对有效的水平可扩展性，避免节点的单点失效对系统的影响，都按使用付费。它们的区别是网格通常是处理一批有明确定义起点和终点的作业，而云服务是可以连续不断的。另外，云扩展了资源的类型，包括文件存储、数据库和Web服务等，也将适用性扩展到Web和企业应用。
【单选题】The beauty of software is in its function, in its internal structure, and in the way in which it is created by a team. To a user, a program with just the right features presented through an intuitive and(作答此空)interface is beautiful. To a software designer, an internal structure that is partitioned in a simple and intuitive manner, and that minimizes internal coupling is beautiful. To developers and managers, a motivated team of developers making significant progress every week, and producing defect-free code, is beautiful. There is beauty on all these levels. Our world needs software--lots of software. Fifty years ago software was something that ran in a few big and expensive machines. Thirty years ago it was something that ran in most companies and industrial settings. Now there is software running in our cell phones, watches, appliances, automobiles, toys, and tools. And need for new and better software never( 72 ). As our civilization grows and expands, as developing nations build their infrastructures, as developed nations strive to achieve ever greater efficiencies, the need for more and more Software( 73 )to increase. It would be a great shame if, in all that software，there was no beauty. We know that software can be ugly. We know that it can be hard to use, unreliable, and carelessly structured. We know that there are software systems whose tangled and careless internal structures make them expensive and difficult to change. We know that there are software systems that present their features through an awkward and cumbersome interface. We know that there are software systems that crash and misbehave. These are( 74) systems. Unfortunately, as a profession, software developers tend to create more ugly systems than beautiful ones. There is a secret that the best software developers know. Beauty is cheaper than ugliness. Beauty is faster than ugliness. A beautiful software system can be built and maintained in less time, and for less money, than an ugly one. Novice software developers don"t understand this. They think that they have to do everything fast and quick. They think that beauty is( 75 ). No! By doing things fast and quick, they make messes that make the software stiff, and hard to understand, Beautiful systems are flexible and easy to understand. Building them and maintaining them is a joy. It is ugliness that is impractical. Ugliness will slow you down and make your software expensive and brittle. Beautiful systems cost the least build and maintain, and are delivered soonest.
A、Simple
B、Hard
C、Complex
D、duplicated
答案：A
解析：这道题考查的是关于软件的一些特点。 第一段讲述了出色的软件产品针对不同的人群所展现出来的优点，其中对于软件的使用者来说软件应该有良好的架构并且提供一些直观的简单的接口跟用户进行交互。 第二段讲述随着时代的发展，人们需要越来越多的软件，并且对新软件和高质量的软件需求从来没有停止过。 第三段讲述一些软件产品表现出来的问题。 第四段讲述不同开发者看待软件产品的角度也是不相同的，一些不负责任的开发者会认为花精力去创造优秀的产品产品是浪费时间的行为。同时文章中也表达了作者自己的看法
【单选题】给定员工关系EMP（EmpI D，Ename，sex，age，tel，DepI D），其属性含义分别为：员工号、姓名、性别、年龄、电话、部门号；部门关系DEP（DepI D，Dname，Dtel，DEmpI D），其属性含义分别为：部门号、部门名、电话，负责人号。若要求DepID参照部门关系DEP的主码DepI D，则可以在定义EMP时用（请作答此空）进行约束。若要查询开发部的负责人姓名、年龄，则正确的关系代数表达式为（ ）。 A.Primary Key（DepI D）On DEP（DepI D） B.Primary Key（DepI D）On EMP（DepI D） C.Foreign Key（DepI D）References DEP（DepI
A、
B、Foreign Key（DepI
C、References EMP（DepI
D、
答案：C
解析：员工关系中的：DepID是一个外键，为了保证数据的正确性，通过参照完整性加以约束。SQL语言通过使用保留字Foreign Key定义外键，References指明外码对应于哪个表的主键。参照完整性定义格式如下：Foreign Key（属性名）References表名（属性名）可见，若要求DepID参照部门关系DEP的主码DepID，则可以在定义EMP时用“Foreign Key（DepID）References DEP（DepID）”进行约束。试题（8）要求“查询开发部的负责人姓名、年龄”的关系代数表达式，选项B是先进行σ2="开发部"（DEP）运算，即在DEP关系中选择部门名Dname="开发部"的元组；然后将EMP关系与其进行EMP.DepID=DEP.DepID的自然连接，并去掉右边的重复属性“DERDepID”，自然连接后的属性列为（EmpID，Ename，sex，age，tel，DepID，Dname，Dtel，DEmpID）；在此基础上进行σ1=9运算，即进行员工号EmpID等于部门负责人号DEmpID的选取运算；最后进行属性列2（Ename）和属性列4（age）的投影运算。
【单选题】设栈S和队列Q的初始状态为空，元素a b c d e f g依次进入栈S。要求每个元素出栈后立即进入队列Q，若7个元素出队列的顺序为b d f e c a g，则栈S的容量最小应该是（58）。
A、5
B、4
C、3
D、2
答案：B
解析：本题考查数据结构基础知识。栈的特点是数据在栈顶后进先出，而队列的特点是数据先进先出，队头出，队尾进。根据题目意思，元素abcdefg必须依次进入栈S，出栈后立即进入队列Q。 1.根据7个元素出队列的顺序为bdfecag，可知元素b是第一个出栈的，b出栈之前，栈中肯定有两个元素a与b（b要进栈，a必须先进栈），到此可推出栈的容量至少为2； 2.元素b出栈后栈中还有a，根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是d出栈，d出栈之前，栈中肯定有三个元素a、c、d（d要进栈，c必须先进栈，而a之前就在栈底），到此可推出栈的容量至少为3； 3.元素d出栈后栈中还有a、c（从栈底至栈顶方向），根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是f出栈，f出栈之前，栈中肯定有三个元素a、c、e、f（f要进栈，e必须先进栈，而a、c之前就在栈中），到此可推出栈的容量至少为4； 4.元素f出栈后栈中还有a、c、e（从栈底至栈顶方向），根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是e出栈； 5.元素e出栈后栈中还有a、c（从栈底至栈顶方向），根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是c出栈； 6.元素c出栈后栈中还有a，根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是a出栈； 7.元素a出栈后栈为空，根据7元素出队列顺序，接下来是g入栈，然后出栈。根据以上分析，栈的容量最小应为4。
【单选题】以下关于软件项目管理中人员管理的叙述，正确的是（ ）
A、项目组成员的工作风格也应该作为组织团队时要考虑的一个要素
B、鼓励团队的每个成员充分地参与开发过程的所有阶段
C、仅根据开发人员的能力来组织开发团队
D、若项目进度滞后于计划，则增加开发人员一定可以加快开发进度
答案：A
解析：本题考查的是项目管理的人力资源方面的问题，在团队组建时，需要考虑企业的事业环境因素对项目的影响
【单选题】假设某计算机系统中只有一个CPU、一台输入设备和一台输出设备，若系统中有四个作业T1、T2、T3和T4，系统采用优先级调度，且T1的优先级>T2的优先级>T3的优先级>T4的优先级。每个作业Ti具有三个程序段：输入Ii、计算Ci和输出Pi（i=1，2，3，4），其执行顺序为Ii→Ci→Pi。这四个作业各程序段并发执行的前驱图如下所示。图中①、②分别为
A、l2、P2
B、l2、C2
C、C1、P2
D、C1、P3
答案：C
解析：题目告诉我们一共有3个设备，分别是一个CPU、一台输入设备和一台输出设备，其实输入设备对应程序段输入Ii，而CPU对应程序段计算Ci，输出设备对应程序段输出Pi。而每个作业都分为这三段，各段间有个顺序关系。再结合图中已经给出的结点，我们不难发现，第一行是输入，第二行是计算，而第三行的结点数输出结点。因此可以知道①、②分别为C1、P3，③、④、⑤分别为I3、C4、P4。
【单选题】用哈希表存储元素时,需要进行冲突（碰撞）处理,冲突是指（ ）。
A、关键字被依次映射到地址编号连续的存储位置
B、关键字不同的元素被映射到相同的存储位置
C、关键字相同的元素被映射到不同的存储位置
D、关键字被映射到哈希表之外的位置
答案：B
解析：哈希表hashtable通过一个已记录的关键字为自变量的函数（哈希函数）得到该记录的存储地址，所以在哈希表中进行查找操作时，需用同一哈希函数计算得到待查记录的存储地址，然后到相应的存储单元去获得有关信息再判定查找是否成功。用哈希表存储元素时,需要进行冲突（碰撞）处理，这个冲突指的是关键字不同的元素被映射到相同的存储位置。
【单选题】
A、类
B、对象
C、流名称
D、消息
答案：B
解析：通信图也叫做协作图，描述的是对象和对象之间的关系，即一个类操作的实现简而言之就是，对象和对象之间的调用关系，体现的是一种组织关系“协作”作为一个结构事物用于表达静态结构和动态行为的概念组合，表达不同事物相互协作完成一个复杂功能文本框中的“:”号，表示一个对象，“:”号前的部分是对象名，“:”号后面的部分是类名，对象之间连线上面的箭头所标识的是对象之间通信的消息
【单选题】对于正规式0*(10*1)*0*，其正规集中字符串的特点是( )。
A、开头和结尾必须是0
B、1必须出现偶数次
C、0不能连续出现
D、1不能连续出现
答案：B
解析：本题考查程序语言基础知识。闭包运算符“*”将其运算对象进行若干次连接，因此0*表示若干个0构成的串，而(10*1)*则表示偶数个1构成的串。
